Brain Mapping
Brain Mapping
Neurological disorders by brain region and location
Frontal Lobe
Executive function, motor control, personality, speech production
Frontal
Frontal Lobe Syndrome
Personality changes, disinhibition, apathy, motor deficits
Frontal
Broca's Aphasia
Non-fluent speech, preserved comprehension, agrammatism
Frontal
Motor Cortex Lesion
Contralateral weakness, spasticity
Frontal
ADHD (Prefrontal)
Inattention, impulsivity, executive dysfunction
Parietal Lobe
Sensory processing, spatial awareness, coordination
Temporal Lobe
Memory, hearing, emotion, language comprehension
Occipital Lobe
Vision, visual processing, color recognition
Cerebellum
Coordination, balance, motor learning, timing
Brainstem
Cranial nerves, vital functions, consciousness, coordination
Basal Ganglia
Motor control, habit formation, reward processing
Thalamus
Sensory relay station, consciousness, attention
Hippocampus
Memory consolidation, learning, emotional processing
Corpus Callosum
Interhemispheric communication, motor coordination
Amygdala
Emotion, fear, aggression, reward processing
Internal Capsule
Major white matter tract carrying motor & sensory fibers
Midbrain
CN III, IV, motivation, dopamine production
Pons
CN V, VI, VII, VIII, motor/sensory relay
Medulla
CN IX, X, XII, respiratory/cardiovascular centers
Optic Chiasm
Vision, crossing of nasal retinal fibers
Cerebral Peduncle
Motor pathway carrying pyramidal fibers
Lenticular Nucleus
Putamen & globus pallidus, motor control
Substantia Nigra
Dopamine production, motor initiation
Ventral Tegmental Area
Dopamine, reward, motivation, addiction
Locus Coeruleus
Norepinephrine, arousal, attention, stress response
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
Executive function, working memory, planning
Orbitofrontal Cortex
Decision-making, reward evaluation, impulse control
Anterior Cingulate Cortex
Error detection, conflict monitoring, motivation
Posterior Cingulate Cortex
Self-referential thinking, memory, default mode network
Arcuate Nucleus (Hypothalamus)
Hunger/satiety, GnRH, prolactin, ACTH control
Superior Colliculus
Eye movements, visual attention, orienting
Red Nucleus
Motor control, receiving cerebellar input
Subthalamic Nucleus
Motor inhibition, indirect pathway modulation
Anterior Thalamus
Memory, emotion, consciousness (mammillothalamic tract)
Ventral Posterior Thalamus
Sensory relay (VPL: motor; VPM: face)
Ventral Anterior & Ventral Lateral Thalamus
Motor relay from basal ganglia/cerebellum
Pulvinar
Visual attention, arousal, emotional processing
Fornix
Memory output from hippocampus, limbic circuit
Anterior Commissure
Interhemispheric limbic/olfactory connections
Arcuate Fasciculus
Broca-Wernicke connection, repetition pathway
Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus
Fronto-temporal-parietal connection, language networks
Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus
Temporal-occipital pathway, object recognition
Superior Cerebellar Peduncle
Cerebellar output (to thalamus/brainstem)
Middle Cerebellar Peduncle
Pontocerebellar fibers from contralateral pons
Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle
Spinocerebellar, olivocerebellar input
Clinical Notes
Localization Principles:
- Motor deficits: Contralateral to lesion (pyramidal tract crosses)
- Sensory deficits: Contralateral to lesion (spinothalamic/dorsal columns cross)
- Visual fields: Contralateral homonymous hemianopia (optic tract crosses)
- CN lesions: Ipsilateral (mostly uncrossed) - helps identify brainstem level
Crossed Syndromes (Brainstem):
CN deficit on one side + motor/sensory loss on opposite side = brainstem stroke at level of CN nucleus
